Tadeusz Antoszewski was born on 17 May 1921 in the Nidawa settlement of the Wolyn province, Poland. He had four siblings. His father, Wojciech, was from Kielecczyzna. His mother was Czech; she came from the Czech village of Boratyn. The Antoszewski family was wealthy, they had a large, prosperous farm.

 

The Germans invaded Poland from the west on 1 September 1939, and the Russians invaded from the east on 17 September 1939. They divided Poland between them. In the Russian-controlled area, the plan to ethnically-cleanse the area soon took effect with the first of four mass deportations to Siberia that were carried out in 1940 and 1941.

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On 10 February 1940, the Antoszewski family were forcibly taken from their home at gunpoint, by Russian soldiers. They had been given less than an hour to pack what they could, without knowing where they were being taken. They took what they could carry and had to leave the rest behind.

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They were taken to the railway station and loaded into cattle cars with 50-60 other people. This included infants, toddlers, children, teens, adults, and seniors. Most of the adults and seniors were women. The cattle car had two shelves at either end, where people could sit or sleep – the rest had to make do with the floor. There was a cast iron stove, but they soon ran out of wood to fuel it. There was also a hole in the floor that served as a toilet.

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They travelled like this for weeks, and were given some water, stale bread, and watery soup, only a few times. When someone died, their bodies were cast out next to the tracks and left there. Many infants and elderly people did not survive this journey.

When they reached the work camp in Siberia, they were told that this is where they would eventually die, but in the meantime, they had to work in order to earn their daily ration of bread.

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Aside from the extreme cold in winter, and extreme heat in summer, they had to contend with hordes of mosquitoes and black flies, as well as infestations of bed bugs in the barracks. There were no medical facilities in these camps, and diseases ran rampant, leading to a high death toll.

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The family were forced labourers at a work camp called Plokhkoze 11 Uczastok located 20 km from the village of Słobotczykow, in the Archangel region of Siberia. There Tadeusz was forced to work at logging of the forest.

 

In June 1941, Germany turned on its ally, Russia. Stalin then quickly changed tactics and allied himself with the west so that the allies could help him defeat the Germans. This led to the signing of the Sikorski-Majewski agreement that called for the freeing of Poles imprisoned in POW camps and labour camps in the USSR, and the formation of a Polish Army in the southern USSR.

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The news of this ‘amnesty’ did not reach every camp, but where it did become known, the men and boys soon made plans to make their way south to join the army. For most, this meant walking thousands of kilometers and only occasionally getting on a train for part of the journey.  Many did not make it, and those who did were emaciated skeletons by the time they got there. 

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General Anders was in charge of the army, and he tried hard to get the Russians to provide the food and equipment they had promised. When this became more and more impossible, he negotiated the right to evacuate the army to Persia, where the British would provide what was needed.

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Anders insisted on taking as many of the civilians that had reached the army as possible. There were 2 mass evacuations: in March/April 1942, and in September 1942. Then Stalin changed his mind and closed the borders. Those who had not been evacuated were now stuck in the USSR.

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The evacuation took place by ship over the Caspian Sea to Pahlavi in Persia (now Iran). The ships that were used were oil tankers and coal ships, and other ships that were not equipped to handle passengers. They were filthy and lacked even the basic necessities, like water and latrines. The soldiers and civilians filled these ships to capacity for the 1-2 day trip. When there were storms, the situation got even worse – with most of the passengers suffering sea sickness.

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Tadeusz, together with his brothers, Eugeniusz and Wojciech, left the work camp and enlisted in the Polish Army being formed in the USSR. Along with the rest of the volunteers, he evacuated Russia to Persia (now Iran).  He served in Iraq and Palestine and was then reassigned to the 1st Armoured Division, and travelled through Africa to reach Glasgow, Scotland.

 

In the Scotland, he was assigned to, where he trained as a driver and a motorcyclist (including the mechanics of both types of vehicles.) He served as a motorcycle scout as part of the Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 1st Armoured Division of General Stanisław Maczek and fought in Normandy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and ended his battle route at Wilhelmshaven in Germany

 

After the surrender of Germany, he spent two more years with the 1st Armoured Division as an occupation force in north-western Germany, then returned to Poland in 1947.

 

In Poland he set up and ran his own company dealing with the processing of fruits and vegetables. He lived in Warka, where he died in 2011.

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